1、外貿文獻 中英翻譯
However, exports to China's economic growth and the positive effects of the imagination of people not as big. 20 reform and opening up nearly 10 percent of the rapid economic growth, play a leading role is not foreign trade and exports, the main contribution should always work in terms of domestic market demand. Before the Asian financial crisis, China's domestic investment demand and consumer demand are great, so several times a national economy "overheating", for which the central government had to use the abuse of administrative, economic and legal comprehensive means to limit the scale of investment and Consumer groups, economic overheating "cool." It is this huge domestic market and expansion of China's rapid economic growth has played a major and crucial role in foreign trade and exports is the role played by the indirect, is only to provide fuel economic growth, instead of "engine."
Although the expansion of export trade to China's economic growth played a certain role in stimulating, but its negative effects have graally emerged, and paid a very high price.
First, as exports continue to expand the scale of China's economy is dependent on external deepened (throughout the 1990s before the nine-year total imports and exports to GDP ratio of more than 30 percent in some years reached 43.6%) . As a result of a result: the second half of 1997 when the Asian financial crisis suddenly fell, the rapid decline of economic growth in Asia, China's foreign trade growth also fell, the total import and export volume in 1998 compared with the previous year had a negative growth, exports Only a slight increase in the growth rate dropped substantially, resulting in China's economic growth rate of decline in the trend line for three consecutive years running, the GDP growth rate in 1997 was 8.8 percent in 1998, 7.8 percent in 1999, is expected to about 7.1% , The trend of declining year by year. It must be pointed out that in the Asian financial crisis struck, China's economic growth and foreign trade is not the same substantial drop, not a phenomenon of Southeast Asian countries and South Korea, the same rapid decline, because China's huge domestic market support Results.
Secondly, the international market because of the limited, as well as countries in the world trade protection of universality, some of China's instries and procts such as clothing, footwear, textile exports have been largely limited scale, resulting in a massive backlog of inventory, ordered by the Central Government to , Minimizing the scale of proction, such as the limited number of spindles of cotton textile proction is one example, to a certain extent, related to damage China's light instry development. At the same time, some countries or international organizations such as the European Union and North America and other developed countries frequently used anti-mping and other means to limit the access of China's labor-intensive procts, and these countries increased trade friction.
Again, and is similar to other large developing country, China's regional imbalance in economic development greater extent, the eastern part of a higher level of development, particularly in central and western regions is a relatively low level of development of the western region. Reform and opening up 20 years in national economic development and made remarkable achievements at the same time, China's regional economic disparities and residents in the expanding gap between rich and poor, tend to exacerbate economic ality. The emergence of this situation, of course, are many reasons, but the export trade to encourage and promote export-oriented model in which played a role in adding fuel to the flames.
China's strong economic base in eastern coastal areas, advanced proction technology, scientific and technological level of higher ecation, labor quality better developed financial sector and capital more abundant, strong technological innovation capability, a higher degree of market economy, since reform and opening up the enjoyment of Many of the countries under the preferential policies, but the energy, mineral and land resources relative shortage. The central and western regions of the district intelligence and the eastern region compared to the contrary, in addition to energy rich mineral resources, vast land area, the low quality of the labor force more affluent, the other aspects such as economic development level, culture, ecation technology, labor quality and availability of funds , The ability of technological innovation, economic development in the market, have fallen far behind the eastern region. Geographical division of the economic situation is: the eastern region is a major proction and export of finished, and deep processing of additional high-value procts, while the central and western regions is the major proction and export of natural resources and primary processed procts.
China's reform and opening up the initial structure of export commodities are agricultural and pastoral procts and processed procts mainly in primary instries, the proportion of finished procts do not. During this period the central and western regions larger proportion of exports, also benefit from more. However, export-oriented model of the finished procts instead of primary commodities for export purposes and objectives of the state's policy to encourage the exports of manufactures is to stimulate exports, restrictions on the export of primary commodities, such as the Export-Import Bank of China is dedicated to the Electrical and Mechanical and complete sets of equipment The export of capital goods, such as providing loans and risk guarantees and the establishment of the. At the national foreign trade policy-inced, China's export commodity structure fundamental changes have taken place from the previous mainly primary procts, manufactured goods for the shop, for now the change mainly to manufactured goods, primary goods, supplemented by. From the macro interests of the national economy in terms of national policy to encourage export of such understandable, but the specific area of interest to the formation of the Kule uneven situation, because the proction of manufactures in the eastern region of the advantages of the project, the state export-oriented policy As a result of the eastern region's exports and its profit ratio increased, the central and western regions and its profit ratio of foreign trade and exports declined. As shown in Table 1, 1998 the eastern part of import and export volume and export volume in both the proportion of more than 90 percent, in the western region is less than 10 percent of the total.
Figure plans) (
Should It is noteworthy that the eastern region because of its own with the special advantages and market-oriented reform and opening up an earlier time, but its extent greater, faster progress, has attracted foreign capital and advanced technology into large-scale, foreign Actual direct investment accounted for the vast majority of the country (see table 2), which enhance the economic strength of the east, raising its technical level and the level of proction of manufactured goods more obvious advantages for export-oriented model of manufactured exports The encouragement of the eastern part of the export scale and a growing proportion, also benefit from greater and is concive to the formation of the eastern part of a virtuous circle: → manufactured exports increased foreign exchange earnings, introcing advanced foreign technology and capital → enhance regional economic strength, → manufactures innovative technology development → manufactured exports expanded. The central and western regions are exactly the opposite, in the role of export-oriented mode of foreign trade and export of increasingly narrow, benefit from more and more small. This is in fact the eastern region and promote the economic gap between the central and western regions to expand and intensify its regional economic ality.
Figure plans) (
In neo-classical growth model, Solow (solow) has a well-known conclusion that the elements of the returns to scale, but the input is diminishing marginal utility, which could lead to long-term economic growth rate and the level of negative economic Start Related, and possibly different regions, between economic growth rate tends to convergence results. In 1952-1995, up from 44 in the development of China's long-term returns to scale and there is diminishing marginal utility, but the overall rate of economic growth and economic level and there was no obvious negative correlation between the regional economy not More convergence and integration, but in the eastern, central, and western economic zone within three Solow growth model showing a special phenomenon, namely the eastern, central and western regions in accordance with their different "trajectory center" development, three Zone within the provinces, cities, districts tend to convergence and economic development consistent correlation between economic zone but do not. This phenomenon is the emergence of reform and opening up after the beginning of the 1980s, the most convincing explanation is: foreign trade and exports to the implementation of the policy to encourage the eastern region more involved in the international economic cycle and embarked on a completely different In the central and western regions of the road to development.
Along with the eastern and western regions of the economic gap between the al nature of economic expansion and intensification of its households per capita income gap has widened accordingly. From 1985-1995, although the various provinces, cities, districts have per capita incomes in absolute terms has greatly improved, increasing from 2.66 times to 5.50 times the range, but the relative level (for references to the country) The changes are showing a completely different trend, in addition to the eastern part of Liaoning Province, all other provinces, cities and districts of the relative levels of per capita income have increased, the performance of their relative levels of value for now, while the central and western provinces and autonomous regions in per capita The relative level of all income decreased trend, and its performance relative changes in the level of a negative value. 1985 per capita income in Shanghai is the largest per capita income of Gansu Province, the smallest of 2.96 times that of 1995 expanded to 4.75 times. According to World Bank estimates, China's Gini coefficient of 0.30 from 1984 up to 1995's 0.415, the data provided by the United Nations Development Programme is 0.45. China has become the world's larger gap between rich and poor countries.
Thus, a comprehensive export-oriented economic development model in China's practice is not very successful, although the economic development it has a stimulating effect, but the negative impact is quite big.
In general, less to the dense population in the small country (region) in the implementation of a period of import substitution policies, the level of economic development up to a certain extent, to the country's export-oriented economic development model is appropriate, that practice will be successful. However, as China is a large population, vast developing country and should not be one-sided emphasis on the full implementation of export-oriented model and export-oriented economic strategy, as its own huge domestic market, and economic development must be primarily based on domestic, it is not necessary and can not Qugao the overall strategy of export-oriented, but also big developing countries are usually the region's economic development is very uneven, and its own comparative advantages and characteristics very different and therefore all regions of the mode of development can not simply apply the export-oriented model. However, this is not the opening to the outside world will not, not not to encourage exports, but should take all effective means to encourage and foster the development of export enterprises and the regional conditions to develop export-oriented economy, that is, export-oriented development strategy To actively and steadily increase in China's economic "outward-looking" elements.
So, China should not only encourage exports, expanding opening up, but also to developing the national economy, based on the domestic market demand, which are the "degree" how to » Location in the mode of foreign trade strategy where appropriate » The answer is: inward-looking open economy, that is, on the whole the "import substitution" graal and partial "export-oriented" strategy of combining foreign trade. This strategic model according to the Chinese market potential, rich resources relative to the characteristics of the main based on domestic resources development and explore the domestic market, continue to improve and strengthen the economic cycle, will expand domestic demand as the main driver of economic development, while positive foreign Away, the use of all possible conditions for expansion of foreign trade and exports, the development of export-oriented economy. The significance of expanding foreign trade and exports is not how much occupied in the international market, not to a major market demand in foreign countries, but to earn foreign exchange through the introction of advanced technology, equipment and personnel, and maintain a certain balance in foreign exchange savings , Through the expansion of foreign economic exchange, learn and master new knowledge and access to new things and new concepts, constantly expanding the economic cycle, and improve the economic cycle within the scope, quality and level, through economic, outside the circle of each other and promote national Rapid sustained and stable economic development.
2、low level cire.tank什麼意思
low level cire tank的中文翻鬧歷譯
low level cire tank
低水答寬平操作箱液舉搜
3、low 是什麼意思
low既能做名詞也能做動詞，那麼你知道它們分別都是什麼意思嗎?下面我為大家帶來low的英語意思和相關用法，歡迎大家一起學習!
low的英語音標
英 [ləʊ]
美 [loʊ]
low的時態
過去分詞: lowed
過去式: lowed
現在分詞: lowing
low的意思
adj. 低的，淺的;卑賤的;粗俗的;消沉的
adv. 低聲地;謙卑地，低下地
n. 低;低價;低點;牛叫聲
vi. 牛叫
n. (Low)人名;(英、德)洛
low的 近義詞
depressed
low的 反義詞
high
low的詞語用法
adj.(形容詞)
low的基本意思是“低的,矮的”,可指有形物的高低,也可指在重要性或質量上低於或劣於其他物體。還可作“不足的,低落的,不好返喚物的,體質弱的”解。
low在句中可作定語或表語。
adv.(副詞)
low用作副詞時,基本意思是“不高地”,也可指“低聲地”“低價地”,須置於動詞之後。
n.(名詞)
low作“低點,低水平,低氣壓”解,是可數名詞。
low作“(機器運轉)低速擋”解,是不可數名詞鏈罩。
low的詞義辨析
adj.(形容詞)
low, lowly
這兩個詞的共同意思是“低”“矮”“淺”。其區別是
low多指相對空間的高低、物體本身的高矮,即具體的“矮”;而lowly多用於指人的出身、社會地位、工作職位的低賤或經濟狀況不佳,即抽象的“矮”。
low的詞語辨析
mean, shabby, cheap, low這 組詞 都有“卑鄙的，卑賤的，卑下的”的意思，其區別是
mean 暗示狠毒、貪婪、缺乏尊嚴感等為人們所不恥的卑鄙、自私、渺小的行為。
shabby 指行為的不公和卑劣而使人感到不屑和輕蔑。
cheap 側旨人或物的品質低劣下賤。
low 指行為卑鄙、可恥、下文明，可引申指庸俗。
low的詞彙搭配
low cost 低成本，廉價的
low temperature 低溫
high and low 到處;高低貴賤
low price 低價;廉價
low pressure 低氣壓;鬆懈
low level 低水平;
low的英語例句
1. Solid low-level waste will be disposed of deep underground.
放射性水平低的固體廢料將做地下深埋處理。
2. Doctor believed that his low sperm count was the problem.
醫生認為他的精子漏液數太低是問題所在。
3. With a low-pitched rumbling noise, the propeller began to rotate.
伴隨著隆隆的低沉雜訊，螺旋槳開始旋轉起來。
4. We're a bit low on bed linen. You'll have to make do.
我們的床單有些次，您將就著用吧。
5. The official number of people carrying the AIDS virus is low.
艾滋病病毒攜帶者的官方數字並不高。
6. Keeping inflation low is the keystone of their economic policy.
將通貨膨脹率保持在較低水平是他們經濟政策的主旨。
7. There were low, muffled voices rising from the hallway.
從走廊里隱約傳來了低沉的說話聲。
8. Congress as an institution scores low in public opinion polls.
作為一個公共機構，國會在公眾民意調查中得分很低。
9. Overproction and consequent low market prices for wine caused economic tremors.
葡萄酒生產過剩及由此造成的市價低迷引起了經濟波動。
10. Let this cook on low for another 1 hr 15 mins.
用小火再煮1小時15分鍾。
4、Low-level testing是什麼意思
低水平測驗或初級水平測驗
5、在音響中lowlevel什麼意思
指降低音量
6、檔次用英語怎麼說？
檔次的英語是level。
英 ['levl]美 ['levl]
n. 數量；等級；水平；水平線
adj. 平的；等高的
v. 弄平；夷平；對准
adv. <廢>水平地
例句：We each perceive the outside world differently according to our level.
翻譯：我們每個人對外在世界的感覺，因個人等級不同而有所差異。
短語：
1、high level 高水平行賀埋
2、international level 國際水準
3、low level 低水平
(6)lowlevel外貿擴展資料：
用法
adj. （檔螞形容詞）
1、level用作形容詞的基本意思是「平的，平坦的，水平的」，也可指「同高度的」或「同程度的」。引申用於目光、聲音等可表示「平穩拍拍的，堅定的」，指人的頭腦可譯為「清醒的，冷靜的」。
2、level可用fairly或quite修飾。
7、求翻譯一段話
Us subprime mortgage crisis triggered by global financial crises, from the financial sector to spread to the entity economy field. Global in the 1930s for the first time since the great depression of the worst global economic recession. The influence of by the global financial crisis, 2009, liaoning 629.2 billion dollars, the total import and export 13.1% year-on-year decline. Among them, 334.4 billion dollars, the total export decline 20.5%. On the surface, this is the global financial crisis, but in fact, the performance of liaoning interdependent it just goes quantity expansion, labor intensive, low efficiency of foreign trade growth mode is unsustainable. The crisis era, people's shift from the previous economic growth rate of economic growth, steering level of quality, efficiency and sustainability. Comprehensive international and domestic economic situation look, it becomes urgent transformation of the mode of economic development, and accelerate transformation of foreign trade development way, is in the transformation of the mode of economic development is an important part of the crisis era, accelerate transformation after the trade development way is to deal with the international economic trade pattern adjustment, seek new demands the necessity of the development. This paper guided by the scientific development concept, from the reality of The Times after crisis by background, this paper liaoning foreign trade growth mode status, such as import and export commodity structure, foreign trade dependence analysis, such as liaoning foreign trade growth mode out existing in the low level of export commodities and technology content are not high, according to the current structure of export commodities in liaoning province, existing problems in developing pertinently put forward the conform to the actual situation of the liaoning province the transformation of foreign trade growth mode countermeasures. Study foreign trade growth mode, liaoning and transformation of foreign trade growth mode in liaoning research provides a new perspective.
8、鍋爐顯示low level什麼意思
low level英 [ləu ˈlevl] 美 [lo ˈlɛvəl]
[釋義]低電平; 低級; 低空; 低能級;
[網路]低水平; 低窪段; 低層;
[例句]For certain signal types, such as low level or high frequency, the
analog backplane should not be used to avoid possible signal degradation.
對於特定的信號類野橡型早脊塵，例如低電平或高頻率，則不宜使用模擬背陸禪板，以避免造成信號劣化。
9、low level schele and high level schele是什麼意思
很高興為您解答：
low level schele and high level schele
低檔次的日歷和高檔顫猜老次的日歷
希望對您兆孫有幫茄升助
10、外貿英語翻譯：就包裝這個問題，我們不會犯這么低級的錯誤，
On the packing of the problem, we will not make such a low-level error.